However, although brain atrophy and cognitive decline appear both in normal and pathological aging brains, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not exactly the same. A myriad of evidence has implied that these hallmarks also occur in pathological aging brains at a more severe level. Most of these hallmarks occur in aging neurons, except for cellular senescence and telomere attrition (both of which usually occur in proliferative peripheral tissues), which remain to be established. Nine common age-related molecular and cellular alterations have been proposed as hallmarks of aging. elegans), flies, and mammals, suggesting that the biology of aging is conserved across species and the rate of aging is plastic. Most remarkably, several signaling pathways have been identified as key aging modulators in Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. In the past decades, our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the modulation of aging has been greatly expanded. Thus, the development of new drugs or treatments to prevent or reverse cognitive impairment requires a comprehensive understanding of the biological events associated with the aging process in the brain. In the context of brain biology aging is a major risk factor for developing cognitive impairment like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common dementia that affects ~55 million people worldwide and 15 million in China. Just like other organs, the brain is susceptible to aging and it undergoes a series of structural and functional changes during aging. As we age, our bodies undergo many changes that can be physiological and pathological.
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